New Disease Reports
New Disease Reports (2016) 34, 22. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.034.022]
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First report of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody in Iran

S.A. Esmailzadeh Hosseini 1*, M. Salehi 2, S.M. Mirchenari 1 and A. Bertaccini 3

*saesmailzadeh@iripp.ir

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Received: 22 Jul 2016; Published: 14 Nov 2016

Keywords: marigold

Calendula officinalis, commonly known as marigold, belongs to the family Asteraceae. In Iran, this species is cultivated for ornamental purposes and used for many medicinal, culinary and cosmetic uses. From 2006, Calendula officinalis phyllody (CaoP) has been observed in different areas of Yazd province, Iran and association of a phytoplasma with the disease has been reported (Esmailzadeh Hosseini et al., 2011). Disease incidence of up to 12% and symptoms including leaf size reduction, yellowing, phyllody, virescence, proliferation and sterility in the flower, proliferation of axillary buds along the stem, witches' broom and stunting were observed (Fig. 1).

Total DNA was extracted from 0.2 g of fresh leaves from both diseased and symptomless plants. DNA samples were tested for phytoplasma presence by direct PCR using P1/P7 primers (Deng & Hiruki, 1991; Schneider et al., 1995) and nested PCR using primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen & Lee, 1996). PCR amplicons of ~1.8 and ~1.25 kb respectively were obtained from six diseased C. officinalis plants from Ashkezar and Yazd (two areas in Yazd province) but not from four symptomless marigold plants. The ~1.25 kb amplicons from the six diseased plants were directly sequenced and shown to have 100% identity. A consensus sequence of 1,248 bp (CaoP1) was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KU297202). Sequence comparison by BLAST analysis showed the highest sequence identity with members of phytoplasma group 16SrII (peanut witches' broom). Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbour-joining method (MEGA software version 6.0) confirmed that the CaoP1 phytoplasma clustered within the group 16SrII phytoplasma clade, and closer to strains affiliated to the 16SrII-D subgroup than to other strains in the same group (Fig. 2). Computer-simulated analysis with 17 restriction endonucleases using iPhyClassifier (Zhao et al., 2009) showed that the RFLP pattern derived from the CaoP1 16S rRNA gene was identical to the papaya yellow crinkle strain classified into subgroup 16SrII-D (Y10097).

This is the first report of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody disease in Iran. Due to the occurrence and spread of alfalfa witches' broom phytoplasma associated with 16rSrII-D in Iran since 1990 (Esmailzadeh Hosseini et al., 2015) adjacent to plantings of C. officinalis, it is possible that alfalfa play a role in the epidemiology of Calendula officinalis phyllody disease or vice versa. Due to natural transmission of phytoplasma diseases by leafhoppers and psyllids, studies to identify insect vectors are in progress.

Figure1+
Figure 1: Leaf reduction, yellowing, phyllody, virescence, witches' broom and stunting associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody disease.
Figure 1: Leaf reduction, yellowing, phyllody, virescence, witches' broom and stunting associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody disease.
Figure2+
Figure 2: Phylogenetic tree of partial 16S rDNA sequences from Calendula officinalis phyllody phytoplasma (in bold) and selected phytoplasmas. The tree was constructed by the neighbour-joining method. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values of 1,000 replicates. 'Ca. P.' stands for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, ribosomal groups are shown to the right of the branches. Acholeplasma laidlawii was used as the outgroup.
Figure 2: Phylogenetic tree of partial 16S rDNA sequences from Calendula officinalis phyllody phytoplasma (in bold) and selected phytoplasmas. The tree was constructed by the neighbour-joining method. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values of 1,000 replicates. 'Ca. P.' stands for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, ribosomal groups are shown to the right of the branches. Acholeplasma laidlawii was used as the outgroup.

References

  1. Deng S, Hiruki C, 1991. Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from culturable and non-culturable mollicutes. Journal of Microbiological Methods 14, 53–61. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(91)90007-D]
  2. Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi M, Khanchezar A, Shamszadeh M, 2011. The first report of a phytoplasma associated with pot marigold phyllody in Iran. Bulletin of Insectology 64, S109-S110.
  3. Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi M, Khodakaramian G, Mirchenari SM, Bertaccini A, 2015. An up to date status of alfalfa witches' broom disease in Iran. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 5, 9-18. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-4677.2015.00057.2]
  4. Gundersen DE, Lee I-M, 1996. Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer sets. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 35, 144-151.
  5. Schneider B, Seemüller E, Smart CD, Kirkpatrick BC, 1995. Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. In: Razin S, Tully JG, eds. Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I, San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 369–80. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012583805-4/50040-6]
  6. Zhao Y, Wei W, Lee IM, Shao J, Suo X, Davis RE, 2009. Construction of an interactive online phytoplasma classification tool, iPhyClassifier, and its application in analysis of the peach X-disease phytoplasma group (16SrIII). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59, 2582–2593. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.010249-0]
To cite this report: Esmailzadeh Hosseini SA, Salehi M, Mirchenari SM, Bertaccini A, 2016. First report of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody in Iran. New Disease Reports 34, 22. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.034.022]

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